Praxis Exam Help Master Guide

A) Praxis Overview

What Praxis is (and is not)

What it is (ETS policy / psychometrics)

• Praxis is a suite of licensure-related assessments developed and administered by ETS to help states and agencies evaluate whether educator candidates have job-relevant academic skills, subject knowledge, and/or pedagogy knowledge needed for safe, effective beginning practice.
• Praxis is computer-delivered for essentially all candidates (with a very small number of exceptions such as Braille Proficiency 0633, which has a separate registration process).

What it is not (state licensure policy / employer discretion)

• Praxis is not a teaching license and not a guarantee of employment. States and educator preparation programs (EPPs) use Praxis as one component of licensure eligibility; employers may add their own requirements.
• Praxis is not a single test: there are multiple test families and hundreds of test codes.

The Praxis test families (Core, Subject Assessments, PLT, and related)

ETS describes several Praxis assessment categories used by states/agencies, including:

• Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators (reading, writing, mathematics)
• Praxis Subject Assessments (subject/specialty tests; includes multi-subtest structures for some licenses)
• PLT (Principles of Learning and Teaching) (pedagogical knowledge; grade-band specific)
• Content Knowledge for Teaching (CKT) elementary-focused tests that measure content knowledge used in teaching (often structured in subtests)
• School Leadership Series (SLS) and other related assessments appear in ETS’s Praxis technical documentation as part of the broader “Praxis Tests and Related Assessments” ecosystem.

How Praxis fits into licensure + endorsements

State licensure policy (the key point):

• States (or agencies like DoDEA) decide:

• Which Praxis test(s) are required for each license/endorsement

• What the passing/qualifying score is
• Whether Praxis is required at all, or whether alternatives are accepted (e.g., state-specific tests, coursework routes, portfolio/performance assessments).

ETS policy (candidate-facing):

• ETS provides tools to:

• Find your state/agency requirements

• Register, schedule, test at center/at home (when available), and report scores.

Common misconceptions (and the correct framing)

• “ETS sets passing scores.” Wrong. Passing/qualifying scores vary by state/agency and are not set by ETS.
• “If I pass Praxis in one state, I’m automatically good everywhere.” Not automatically. Reciprocity is a state licensure policy issue; score requirements can differ by state/agency.
• “At-home is easier / different.” ETS states at-home tests are identical in content and on-screen experience to test-center versions and are proctored live.

Comparison table: Praxis vs other common licensure tests/requirements

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B) Eligibility & Requirements (State-Specific)

Big picture: what’s ETS vs what’s state vs what’s proctor?

Praxis readiness has four overlapping rule-sets:

Age/education requirements and background checks

ETS test-taking eligibility (ETS policy):

• ETS generally does not frame Praxis as requiring a specific age/degree to sit for a test; instead, ETS repeatedly directs candidates to check state requirements and follow the licensure pathway.

State licensure requirements (state policy):

• Background checks, fingerprints, and degree/EPP requirements are state-controlled and vary. For example, state sites publish “required examinations” and licensure steps by academic year.

How to verify (no guessing):

1. Go to the ETS Praxis “State Requirements” page, select your state/agency, and find your intended certificate area.

2. Then open your state Department of Education / licensure board site and confirm:

3. eligibility (degree/EPP status)

4. background check/fingerprinting requirements
5. test substitutions/waivers
6. deadlines and validity windows

ID requirements and name-matching rules (ETS policy; high-stakes)

ETS is strict because the test is a secure licensure assessment.

Core ETS rules (must follow):

• You must bring an acceptable, valid, unexpired physical ID with name + signature + recognizable photograph.
• No copies; no ID on a phone.
• As of Jan 1, 2023, ETS no longer accepts expired driver’s licenses.
• Your first and last name must match exactly between registration and ID (including two-part last names).
• If your name has changed after you registered, ETS indicates you may need to cancel, create a new account, and re-register under the correct name.

ID checklist table

Accommodations (ETS Disability Services) — types, process, timelines, risks

ETS policy fundamentals

• Accommodations are available for test takers who meet ETS requirements; you must request and receive approval before scheduling your test date/time.
• ETS notes that if you’re approved for certain accommodations (e.g., extended time, extended breaks, screen magnification, selectable colors) you may be able to self-schedule through your account; other accommodations may require coordination.
• ETS guidance indicates the review timeline is commonly about 4–6 weeks (plan ahead).

Accommodation process (step-by-step)

1. Create/log into your Praxis account.
2. Start an accommodations request through ETS Disability Services (ETS directs candidates to the Disability Services workflow and the Bulletin Supplement).
3. Submit documentation aligned to ETS documentation guidelines.
4. Wait for approval, then schedule (and keep records of approvals/authorizations).

Appeal/denial risk management (practical)

• The most common preventable problems are incomplete documentation and late submission (because approval must happen before scheduling).
• If accommodations are mission-critical (e.g., extended time), treat them like a licensure application: submit early, keep PDF copies of everything, and avoid last-minute test dates.

Special cases (international candidates, name changes, PLNE, test availability)

• International testing: ETS notes Praxis is administered through an international network of test centers, including Prometric and Strategic Testing Networks (STNs).
• At-home availability limits: The Bulletin specifies at-home Praxis tests are for test takers who live in the U.S., its territories, or Canada (based on the address in your account).
• Primary Language Not English (PLNE): The Praxis Bulletin includes PLNE-related forms and indicates processing time planning (e.g., “allow approximately three weeks” for some requests), so candidates should plan early and follow the Bulletin instructions precisely.

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C) Exam Blueprints & Skills (Praxis-Correct)

Non-negotiable rule for accuracy: For every Praxis test code, the single source of truth for domains, weights, question types, and time is the current ETS “Study Companion / Test at a Glance” for that exact test code. ETS explicitly points candidates to use the Study Companion for test duration/details.

Praxis Core (academic skills)

Skills tested (what you’re really being measured on)

• Academic reading comprehension and analysis
• Standard written English and composition under time constraints
• Math reasoning aligned to college- and career-ready skills (and calculator use rules where applicable)

Core Writing (5723) blueprint example (official, current study companion)

• Time: 100 minutes total, split into 40 minutes selected-response + two 30-minute essays
• Questions: 40 selected-response + 2 essays

• Content categories / weighting:

• Text Types, Purposes, and Production (includes essays): ~60%

• Language and Research Skills for Writing: ~40%
• Important psychometric detail: The test can include unscored (pretest) questions, and category counts may vary by form.

Common Core question types & traps (archetypes, not official items)

• “Choose the best revision” vs “identify the error” (trap: making changes that are grammatical but worsen clarity/logic)
• Research skills (trap: mixing up what the question asked—credibility vs relevance vs citation format)
• Timed essays (trap: spending too long reading sources or over-editing instead of building a clear claim + evidence structure)

Pacing math table (example using official 5723 timing)

Praxis Subject Assessments (content knowledge + specialty areas)

What “Subject Assessments” include

• Subject/specialty tests (e.g., content knowledge for a discipline)
• Multi-subtest structures (e.g., elementary multi-subject batteries)
• CKT (content knowledge for teaching) in some elementary pathways

How to read any Subject Assessment Study Companion (universal blueprint method)

1. Find the Test at a Glance page: time, number of questions, and domain weights.

2. Identify question types:

3. selected-response

4. constructed-response
5. listening/speaking components (world languages)
6. multi-subtest “bundles” where you pass subtests individually or as a combined requirement (state-specific).
7. Build your study plan directly from the listed “Content Topics” sections.

Representative subject-assessment archetypes (descriptions only)

• “Best answer” content questions that reward conceptual understanding over memorized trivia
• Scenario/application items that ask what a teacher does with content (especially in CKT-style tests)
• Multi-step problems with distractors designed for common misconceptions

New state-required variants to watch (2026+ change risk)

• ETS is launching new Praxis Elementary Education Fundamentals tests in Spring 2026 that are designed to eventually replace existing series (including 5001, 7001, 5901, 7811) and introduce a Praxis Steps modular approach (state adoption varies).

Practical implication: If you’re pursuing elementary licensure, you must confirm whether your state will accept the current series or has begun transitioning to the new Fundamentals/Steps model.

PLT (Principles of Learning and Teaching) — pedagogy, grade-band specific

Purpose (what PLT is actually measuring)

• PLT tests assess foundational professional/pedagogical knowledge relevant to beginning practice (e.g., learners, instructional processes, assessment, professional responsibilities), with case-history constructed response.

PLT grade-band table (official study companions)

PLT question archetypes

• Scenario-based items: “most appropriate teacher action” (trap: answers that are plausible but violate the scenario constraints—developmental level, IEP/ELL needs, assessment purpose)
• Constructed response: structured analysis of a case history (trap: listing strategies without linking them to evidence in the case)

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D) Format, Timing & Delivery

Computer-based format (ETS policy)

• Praxis tests are delivered by computer (with rare exceptions and specialized cases).
• Test length and section timing vary by test; ETS directs candidates to the Study Companion for exact duration.

At-home vs test-center (availability varies — verify per test)

Test-center delivery

• ETS notes Praxis uses an international test center network including Prometric test centers and Strategic Testing Networks (STNs) at colleges/universities.
• You must arrive at least 30 minutes early; arriving after your scheduled testing time means you won’t be permitted to test and you forfeit fees.

At-home delivery

• ETS describes at-home tests as identical in content/on-screen experience and monitored by a human proctor.
• At-home testing is available 7 days a week and is restricted to test takers living in the U.S., its territories, or Canada (based on your account address).
• ETS provides an at-home workflow with a ProctorU-based process and checklist.

Delivery comparison table (what changes and what doesn’t)

Tools (calculator rules, scratch work, etc.)

• Calculator availability is test-dependent; ETS provides a calculator-use resource page listing tests that use an on-screen calculator (including Praxis Core Math and Combined).
• Always verify tool rules in the Study Companion for your exact test code.

Check-in process minute-by-minute (practical, aligned to official rules)

Test center (typical flow)

1. T–30 min: Arrive; late arrival risks forfeiture.
2. ID check and admission procedures (must have valid, physical ID).
3. Security checks and testing room instructions (center-specific).
4. Begin test once seated and launched.

At home (typical flow)

1. Launch the at-home session and connect to the proctor platform.
2. ID verification; room scan; monitor scan (mirror/cell phone may be required for monitor edges).
3. Proctor verifies no duplicate displays and closes unauthorized programs.
4. Test time begins only after the proctor unlocks the exam (important pacing detail).

Common failure points + fixes

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E) Scoring & Passing

How scores are reported (by test family)

Key scoring facts (ETS measurement)

• Many Praxis tests report scores on a scaled score system; the “Understanding Your Praxis Scores 2025–26” guide explains score reports and statistical concepts like performance ranges and measurement error.
• Some tests include selected-response and constructed-response; score reporting can show components separately (example: Core Writing reports SR points separately from essay points).

Raw → scaled (concepts you must understand to make smart retake decisions)

• Scaled scores allow scores from different test forms to be comparable; ETS technical documentation discusses psychometric quality and score reporting processes.
• Measurement error exists; score reports and ETS documentation emphasize that scores have statistical properties (e.g., standard error of measurement).

Passing scores are state-set (how to find them + how they’re used)

• ETS provides a “Passing Score Requirements” tool and states clearly that passing scores vary by state/agency and are not set by ETS.
• States may require different tests and different cut scores for the same endorsement area.

Score reporting timelines and sending scores

• ETS provides a score report date lookup tool (“Getting Your Praxis Scores”) that gives the report availability date/time for a test date (in your account).
• During registration, you can choose up to four score recipients for free, and you can change them for free up to three days before your test date.
• Additional score reports cost $50 per recipient and Praxis scores are valid for ten years for reporting purposes (ordering additional score reports within that window).

Scoring & passing table (what to remember)

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F) Registration & Scheduling (Step-by-Step)

ETS account setup (ETS process)

1. Create an ETS Praxis account (or confirm you have access).
2. Confirm your name matches your ID exactly before you schedule.
3. Select your test code(s) and follow the registration prompts.

Choosing tests and dates (state-first decision rule)

• Choose tests based on:

• your state/agency requirement page

• your endorsement/grade band
• your pathway (traditional EPP vs alternative vs reciprocity)

Scheduling at-home vs center

• ETS indicates at-home tests are available for many titles, seven days a week, but availability varies by test.
• Use the ETS test availability schedule (2025–26) as a planning anchor for tests that are not offered daily.

Rescheduling/cancellation rules & deadlines (verify before you click)

• ETS states you must cancel at least three days before your scheduled test date (excluding test day) to avoid forfeiting fees.
• Retake scheduling requires at least a 28-day wait after you’ve taken the same test.

Registration table: “Do this, not that”

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G) Costs, Fees & Budgeting

Test fees (ETS policy; varies by test)

• ETS states test fees vary by test and are subject to change; taxes may be added where applicable.

• Example published fees on ETS test pages:

• Praxis Core Combined (5752): $150

• PLT Grades 7–12 (5624): $156

Other predictable costs (ETS services + logistics)

• Additional score reports: $50 per recipient (nonrefundable).
• Score review (for tests with constructed-response): $65 per test (as listed in the Praxis Bulletin).
• Telephone registration surcharge: the Bulletin notes an additional $35 surcharge for phone registration.
• Practice tests: ETS offers interactive practice tests for many tests (commonly listed at $24.95 for specific practice test forms).

Fee reductions/waivers (verify eligibility)

• ETS provides a fee waiver program with eligibility rules; ETS also notes special fee policies in certain states (e.g., surcharges).

Budget template table (copy and fill)

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H) Preparation Strategy (Beginner → Elite)

Evidence-based learning principles (research-backed, not “tips”)

The highest-ROI strategies consistently supported by cognitive science:

• Practice testing (retrieval practice): testing yourself improves long-term retention more than re-reading, especially over delays.
• Spaced practice: distributing study over time improves retention compared with cramming.
• High-utility learning techniques: major reviews identify practice testing and distributed practice as high-utility across contexts compared with many popular but weaker methods.

Your diagnostic plan aligned to your exact test code (do this first)

Step 1: Lock your test code + version

• Confirm your exact test code(s) from your state requirements and ETS test listing.

Step 2: Use official structure to build your diagnostics

• Download the ETS Study Companion for your code; use its content categories to create a diagnostic checklist.
• If available, take an ETS interactive practice test to get a baseline performance map.

Step 3: Build an error log (the engine of improvement)

• Every missed item gets tagged by:

• content domain

• skill type (concept, procedure, interpretation, writing mechanics, pedagogy principle)
• error type (misread, knowledge gap, pacing, trap answer, etc.)
• This aligns your work to the official blueprint and forces targeted remediation.

Study plans: 2w / 4w / 8w / 12w+ (with 30/60/120 minutes/day)

How to choose a plan (decision rule)

• Use 2–4 weeks only if you’re already near passing and need refinement.

• Use 8–12+ weeks if you:

• are below passing

• have multiple tests
• need foundational remediation
• need accommodations lead time (4–6 weeks review)

Study plan table (you can apply to any test code)

(Cadence rationale: practice testing + spacing are high-utility.)

Practice test cadence and review methodology (what “elite” looks like)

Elite prep = not more tests; it’s better review:

1. Take a timed set or practice test.
2. Review every miss + every “lucky guess.”
3. Write a one-sentence rule you’ll use next time.
4. Schedule spaced re-tests of that rule (48 hours → 7 days → 21 days).

Plateau-breaking strategies

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I) Section-by-Section High-ROI Strategies

Praxis Core strategies (Reading/Math/Writing)

Core Writing (5723) — highest ROI moves

• Selected-response: aim for ~1 minute/question average (official timing supports this) and flag anything that needs re-reading.
• Essays: write to the rubric logic described in the Study Companion—clear thesis, coherent organization, evidence integration (especially in source-based writing).

Math (Core and other tests with on-screen calculator)

• Learn the on-screen calculator interface before test day; ETS provides a calculator-use/tutorial resource.
• Strategy: use calculator for computation, not for deciding the math model.

Reading

• Strategy: treat passages as arguments; track claim → evidence → inference.
• Trap avoidance: “true but irrelevant” answers are the dominant distractor pattern in reading comprehension tests.

Subject Assessments strategy by domain type

PLT strategy (scenario-based)

• PLT items often reward “most appropriate next teacher action” aligned to learner development and sound instructional/assessment principles; grade-band matters.

• For constructed response: use a consistent structure:

• identify need(s) in the case

• propose strategy
• justify strategy with principle and expected impact

Top 25 mistakes (with fixes) — compact table

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J) Official Resources & Prep Materials

ETS official materials (what to use first)

• Study Companions / Test at a Glance for every test code (blueprints, question types, sample items).
• Official Praxis interactive practice tests (paid, full-length, test-like experience for many codes).
• ETS also offers additional preparation materials through its store and prep pages.

How to verify you’re using the current version

1. Use the ETS Praxis site and download the Study Companion for your exact test code (not “a 2018 PDF from a random website”).
2. If your licensure area is elementary, confirm whether your state is moving to the new Elementary Education Fundamentals (Spring 2026) pathway and whether that affects your test code selection.

Red flags in prep content

Official resources table

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K) Test-Day Strategy & Anxiety Control

Sleep/nutrition basics (evidence-based, exam-relevant)

• Avoid cramming the night before; your goal is stable recall under timed conditions (retrieval practice benefits are strongest when built over time, not in last-minute rereads).

Pacing and triage rules

• Build pacing from official timing:

• Compute: minutes per question = total minutes ÷ number of questions (selected-response).

• For mixed-format tests, reserve time for constructed response/essays first, then back-calculate SR pacing.

• Use a 2-pass strategy on SR:

• Pass 1: answer fast/medium items

• Pass 2: return to flagged items
• Don’t over-invest in any single question: your license depends on total points, not perfection.

Guessing strategy (ethical + practical)

• If there’s no penalty for wrong answers (common in many standardized tests), unanswered questions are almost always worse than best-effort guesses. Confirm in your Study Companion and on-screen instructions for your test.

What to do if tech fails / proctor issues occur (ETS processes)

• If you missed a test due to check-in window or a technical issue and the test was not taken, ETS indicates you may re-register within 3 business days, and it does not count as a retake (so the 28-day rule doesn’t apply).
• If you face at-home proctoring issues, ETS directs candidates to check confirmation email/account and use test-day support resources; also consider submitting a formal complaint when appropriate.

Anxiety control techniques with research support

• Expressive writing: Briefly writing about testing worries immediately before an exam has been shown to improve exam performance, particularly for high test-anxious students.

Test-day checklist table (print this)

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L) After the Test: Licensure Next Steps

Sending scores to state/program

• Choose up to four recipients for free during registration; changes can be made for free up to three days before test date.
• Additional score reports are available for 10 years and cost $50 per recipient.

Interpreting results and retake decisions

Retake rule (ETS policy):

• After you’ve taken a Praxis test, ETS requires a 28-day waiting period before you can schedule the same test again.

When a retake helps vs wastes time

• Retake is usually worth it when:

• you missed passing by a small margin

• your error log shows fixable patterns (pacing, specific content domains)

• Retake is usually a waste when:

• you lack foundational skills and have no structured remediation plan

• you’re taking the wrong test code for your state/endorsement

Timelines for licensure steps (state-specific)

Because steps vary, use this verification path:

1. ETS state requirements tool → confirm required Praxis tests + passing scores.

2. Your state licensure board site → confirm:

3. application timeline

4. background check/fingerprints
5. EPP completion/student teaching requirements
6. alternative certification routes and reciprocity rules

After-test action table

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M) Comprehensive Praxis FAQs (60–100)

Quick-reference table (most-used answers + where to verify)

FAQs (grouped for speed)

At-home vs test-center

1. Is the at-home test different from the test-center test? ETS says the at-home test is identical in content and on-screen experience and is proctored live.

2. Who proctors at-home Praxis tests? ETS provides at-home testing information tied to a ProctorU-based process and checklist.

3. Can I test at home outside the U.S.? The Praxis Bulletin indicates at-home testing is for test takers living in the U.S., its territories, or Canada (based on account address).

4. Does test time start when I launch the software at home? ETS’s at-home ProctorU guidance indicates time begins after the exam is unlocked by the proctor.

5. What are common at-home rule violations? Room/monitor scan issues, duplicate displays, or unauthorized materials are common; follow ETS at-home guidance and checklist.

Retakes and waiting periods

1. How long must I wait to retake the same Praxis test? ETS requires at least 28 days before scheduling the same test again.

2. Does the 28-day wait apply if I canceled my scores? ETS states the 28-day waiting period applies even if you canceled your scores.

3. If I missed my test because of check-in/tech issues, do I still wait 28 days? ETS indicates a missed test that was not taken doesn’t count as a retake, so the 28-day rule does not apply (re-register within 3 business days).

4. Can I take a different Praxis test while waiting 28 days? ETS states the 28-day rule applies only to retakes of the same test; you may register for a different test at any time.

ID issues and name mismatch

1. Can I use a photo of my ID on my phone? No—ETS requires a physical ID; electronic ID is not accepted.

2. Can I use an expired driver’s license? ETS states it no longer accepts expired driver’s licenses (since Jan 1, 2023).

3. What if my name is too long for the registration fields? ETS provides guidance on entering as many characters as allowed; admission depends on matching the check-in display to your ID.

4. What if my last name has two parts? ETS requires entering your last name exactly as it appears on your ID.

5. Can ETS change my account name after I register? ETS indicates name changes may require canceling and creating a new account under the correct name.

Accommodations

1. How early should I request accommodations? ETS indicates a typical review time of about 4–6 weeks, and approval must occur before scheduling.

2. Can I schedule my test before accommodations are approved? ETS policy in the Bulletin indicates you must have accommodations approved before scheduling.

3. Do all accommodations let me self-schedule online? ETS notes only certain accommodations can be self-scheduled; others require additional coordination.

Scores and sending scores

1. How do I know when my score report will post? Use ETS’s “Getting Your Praxis Scores” lookup tool.

2. How many free score recipients do I get? Up to four during registration.

3. How much do additional score reports cost? $50 per recipient.

4. How long are Praxis scores valid for reporting? ETS states you can order additional score reports for ten years.

5. Can I change my free score recipients? Yes, for free up to three days before test date.

Registration, cancellation, refunds

1. What’s the cancellation deadline? ETS indicates you must cancel at least three days before your scheduled test date (excluding test day) to avoid forfeiting fees.

2. Can I register by phone? Yes, but the Praxis Bulletin describes an additional phone registration surcharge.

Praxis vs alternatives / reciprocity / pathways

1. Do all states use Praxis? No—some states use different testing programs (e.g., Texas uses TExES, Massachusetts uses MTEL, California uses CSET).

2. How do I confirm whether Praxis is required in my state? Use ETS’s state requirements tool, then confirm on your state licensure site.

3. Is edTPA the same as Praxis? No—edTPA is a portfolio-based performance assessment; Praxis is test-based. Some states/programs may require one or both.

Test-day problems

1. What if I arrive late to a test center? The Praxis Bulletin states you must arrive at least 30 minutes early and late arrivals forfeit fees.

2. What if I have an at-home proctor issue? Use ETS test-day support instructions, and consider filing a formal complaint if appropriate; ETS references this process in its appointment management guidance.

Test availability / scheduling windows

1. Are Praxis tests offered every day? No—many are daily, but some have specific testing windows; ETS publishes a 2025–26 availability schedule.

New/transitioning tests (important for 2026)

1. Are there changes to elementary Praxis tests in 2026? ETS states new Elementary Education Fundamentals tests launch in Spring 2026 and are designed to eventually replace certain existing series; state adoption varies.

(You can continue building your personal FAQ list by pulling policy answers from the Bulletin + your test code Study Companion + your state licensure site.)

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N) Location Guide

I need 4 details from you (so I can map the exact tests)

Reply with:

1. State/agency (e.g., Virginia, Texas, DoDEA)
2. Credential goal (e.g., Elementary Education, Secondary Math, Special Ed)
3. Grade band (e.g., K–6, 7–12)
4. Timeline (test date target + licensure deadline)

Exact ETS + state licensure pages to check (verification path)

Step-by-step verification checklist (do this in order):

M) Comprehensive Praxis FAQs (98) — answered in depth (no skips)

Legend (who sets the rule):

• ETS policy = Praxis program rules (registration, test-day rules, retakes, scores).
• Remote proctor policy = at-home testing vendor rules (currently ProctorU, as reflected in ETS materials).
• State licensure policy = your State Dept. of Education / educator licensure board (what tests + passing scores count for your license).
• Program/district policy = educator prep program (EPP) requirements or employer preferences (may exceed state minimums).

Official verification map (use this whenever anything “varies”)

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A) Choosing the right tests + state requirements (18 FAQs)

1) What is Praxis, and what does it decide (vs what it does NOT decide)?

Policy owner: ETS + your state Praxis is a set of standardized assessments used by many states/EPPs to evaluate readiness for teacher preparation entry and/or educator licensure. ETS runs the tests and reports scores, but ETS does not grant licenses—your state does. ETS explicitly emphasizes that states and licensing organizations determine certification requirements and qualifying scores.

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2) Which Praxis test families exist (Core, Subject Assessments, PLT), and how do they map to licensure?

Policy owner: ETS + state

• Praxis Core → academic skills (often used for EPP admission, sometimes for licensure).
• Praxis Subject Assessments → content knowledge for a specific endorsement (e.g., Elementary Ed, Special Ed, Math).
• Praxis PLT → pedagogy (many states use it; some don’t). ETS frames Praxis as aligned to milestones like entering teacher training and obtaining a license.

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3) How do I figure out exactly which Praxis tests I personally need?

Policy owner: state (requirements) + ETS (test availability) Use this 3-step decision path:

1. Go to ETS State Requirements and select your state.
2. Use ETS Passing Score Requirements to confirm the qualifying score by test and state/agency.
3. Confirm details on the specific test page (delivery options, fee, etc.) on Praxis.ets.org.

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4) If I’m applying in one state but I might move, should I choose tests strategically?

Policy owner: state Yes. Two smart strategies:

• Pick widely accepted tests (e.g., common Praxis Subject Assessments) if your endorsement and target states overlap.
• Compare qualifying scores across states using ETS’s compare tool; aim to meet the highest likely requirement so you don’t retest later. But: some states don’t use Praxis for core licensure at all—always verify your state first.

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5) Do all states use Praxis?

Policy owner: state No. Many do, but several use different test systems (or a mixed approach). ETS’s state directory is the quickest way to confirm whether Praxis is used for that state and pathway.

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6) What are common alternatives to Praxis (and when do they apply)?

Policy owner: state Examples of major state-specific systems:

• Texas: TExES (Pearson contract referenced by TEA)
• Massachusetts: MTEL (MA DESE + Pearson/Evaluation Systems)
• California: CSET (CTC + Pearson/Evaluation Systems)
• New York: NYSTCE (NYSED references NYSTCE)
• Florida: FTCE/FELE (FLDOE)
• Ohio: OAE (Pearson/Evaluation Systems program)
• Michigan: MTTC (MDE + Pearson/Evaluation Systems)

Bottom line: your state tells you what counts.

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7) Can I use Praxis scores to get licensed in a non-Praxis state?

Policy owner: state Sometimes—but it’s state discretion. A state may accept Praxis scores through reciprocity or content-testing equivalency, but many require their own exams. Use the state’s licensure rules (ETS state page links out to them) and confirm in writing if you’re switching systems.

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8) Is Praxis Core always required?

Policy owner: state/EPP Not always. Some states/EPPs require it for entry into preparation programs; others waive it via SAT/ACT/GRE or don’t require it. ETS’s state requirement pages help you verify, but the final authority is the state/EPP.

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9) If my EPP says “Praxis Core,” but my state doesn’t—who wins?

Policy owner: program + state

• For program admission, your EPP can set stricter rules than the state.
• For state licensure, the state sets the legal minimum. So “who wins” depends on what you’re trying to do (admission vs license). ETS explicitly frames Praxis as used at different milestones (program entry vs licensure).

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10) What if I’m in an alternative certification route—do I still need Praxis?

Policy owner: state + alternative route provider Often yes (especially content tests), but alternative routes sometimes substitute other assessments or accept teaching experience + different exams. Verify via your state licensure site and route provider; start from ETS’s state directory if your state uses Praxis.

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11) Are Praxis tests offered internationally?

Policy owner: ETS Yes—ETS has international testing policies and ID exceptions by country in the Praxis Bulletin (e.g., special ID rules for testing in Pakistan, India, Nigeria, etc.).

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12) Can I take Praxis at home if I live outside the U.S.?

Policy owner: ETS + remote proctor policy Generally no. The Bulletin describes Praxis at-home as for test takers who live in the U.S., its territories, or Canada (based on the address in your Praxis account). If you live elsewhere, plan on test-center delivery or your state’s alternative exam system.

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13) If I’m seeking licensure in the U.S. but live abroad, what should I do?

Policy owner: state + ETS

• Confirm the state accepts Praxis for your pathway.
• Confirm you can access the test in your location (international test center availability varies).
• Build in extra time for score delivery and any state application steps (background checks, transcripts).

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14) Do states ever require Praxis “variants” or bundles (multi-subject tests)?

Policy owner: state + ETS Yes. ETS references multi-section tests where score cancellation/handling is “all sections at once” (e.g., Core Combined 5752; Elementary Education: Multiple Subjects 5001; and others). Your state decides whether you take a bundle vs separate subtests.

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15) If I fail one subtest in a multi-subject test, do I have to retake everything?

Policy owner: ETS + state It depends on the test design and the state’s rule. ETS’s retake policy treats subtests as part of the same test title for timing rules. Your state may accept passing sub-scores while requiring only the failed portion—or require the full test—verify on your state requirement page and the test’s score structure.

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16) What’s the quickest way to confirm the current version of a test (code/requirements)?

Policy owner: ETS Use the test code and the ETS Praxis test page for that code; ETS’s Praxis store/test pages list current fees and details.

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17) Do employers (districts) ever require Praxis even if the state doesn’t?

Policy owner: district/employer Yes, it can happen (especially for out-of-state applicants or shortage areas), but it’s employer discretion—separate from licensure law. Always ask HR for written requirements.

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18) Georgia-specific example: can vendors change (ETS → Pearson) and affect what I take?

Policy owner: state Yes. Georgia’s GACE program explicitly notes a transition: supplier changed from ETS to Pearson effective July 1, 2025, with ETS administrations ending in June 2025 for certain tests. Lesson: always verify the current testing program for your state, even if it used to be Praxis/ETS-style.

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B) Accounts, registration, scheduling (14 FAQs)

19) How do I register (high-level steps) without making a costly mistake?

Policy owner: ETS Best-practice sequence:

1. Create/verify your Praxis account.
2. Select the correct test code for your state/endorsement.
3. Confirm delivery mode (test center vs at home) based on eligibility/availability.
4. Enter your name exactly as on your ID (including accents).
5. Select score recipients strategically (state agency + EPP + employer if relevant).

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20) Can I register for multiple Praxis tests on the same day?

Policy owner: ETS Often yes, depending on test length and appointment availability. ETS notes combined/bundle tests and multi-test sessions; feasibility depends on scheduling rules and test center capacity.

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21) Are Praxis tests offered year-round?

Policy owner: ETS Many are offered by appointment (computer-based). Actual seat availability depends on the test, location, and delivery mode.

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22) What’s the difference between “test center” and “at home” when I schedule?

Policy owner: ETS + remote proctor policy

• Test center: you go to a physical site; strict check-in/security rules apply.
• At home: you test on your own computer with online human proctoring; strict room + equipment + check-in rules apply.

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23) If I schedule at home, can I switch to a test center later (or vice versa)?

Policy owner: ETS Usually yes via rescheduling (subject to deadlines/fees). Use ETS Manage Appointment rules (3-day deadline; $40 reschedule).

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24) What if my payment fails during checkout?

Policy owner: ETS + your bank ETS warns that banks may require identity verification (e.g., authentication code) and failure can reject the sale; you may need to contact your bank.

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25) Can I pay cash, check, or money order?

Policy owner: ETS No—ETS states cash, check, and money order are not accepted.

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26) Can ETS withhold my scores if I owe fees?

Policy owner: ETS Yes. ETS states that an outstanding balance can cause scores to be withheld, with an added non-refundable service fee, and you must pay outstanding balances to register for future ETS tests/services.

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27) Is there a phone registration option?

Policy owner: ETS Yes in some situations. ETS describes phone registration with an additional surcharge and a “three full days before test date” timing rule.

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28) What’s the single biggest registration mistake that causes test-day denial?

Policy owner: ETS Name mismatch between registration and ID (including accents and exact first/last name match). ETS is explicit that ID must match the name you registered with.

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29) Do I need to enter my Social Security Number (SSN) in my Praxis account?

Policy owner: ETS ETS advises leaving the SSN field blank during account creation to avoid technical issues, then adding it later via personal info update if needed.

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30) What if I accidentally created two Praxis accounts?

Policy owner: ETS This can create score-reporting and identity verification problems. ETS also notes you cannot change your name on file (you may need a new account after legal name change). Contact ETS support to avoid losing score continuity.

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31) Can I change my test center after registering?

Policy owner: ETS Yes if you reschedule within ETS deadlines; expect a rescheduling fee.

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32) How early should I schedule if I have a licensure deadline (student teaching, job offer, etc.)?

Policy owner: practical strategy + ETS score timing Work backward from:

• score posting dates (Tues/Fri cadence + calendar tool),
• accommodation timeline (if needed),
• and state licensure processing time (state policy).

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C) Fees, refunds, waivers, budgeting (9 FAQs)

33) What does the test cost?

Policy owner: ETS Fees vary by test title. ETS test pages list current fees (example: Core Combined 5752 shows a fee; other tests list their own fees). Always verify on the exact test code page before you pay.

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34) Is there an extra online service fee?

Policy owner: ETS Yes. The Bulletin states the final transaction amount includes a non-refundable 3% online service fee.

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35) Are taxes/VAT ever added?

Policy owner: ETS + local law Yes. ETS notes certain jurisdictions where taxes may be added and lists multiple countries (effective Jan 1, 2025) in the Bulletin.

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36) What’s the refund policy if I cancel?

Policy owner: ETS Cancel no later than three days before your test date to receive a refund equivalent to half the test fee (the rest is retained). No refunds for prep materials or service fees.

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37) What if I miss my test or arrive late?

Policy owner: ETS You’re generally not entitled to a refund if absent or late. ETS also requires arriving at least 30 minutes before test-center appointments; arriving after your scheduled time can mean you’re not permitted to test and you forfeit fees.

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38) How much does it cost to reschedule?

Policy owner: ETS ETS states a $40 rescheduling fee, and you must reschedule at least three days before the test date (excluding test day).

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39) Are fee waivers available?

Policy owner: ETS Yes, limited. ETS Bulletin lists eligibility (financial aid, enrolled undergrad/grad without advanced degrees, FAFSA SAR EFC threshold, and test must be required by an authorized score recipient). It also notes waivers cover up to three Praxis Core tests (often via combined code 5752 voucher) or one Subject Assessment, and you can only receive one waiver per testing year.

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40) If I get a fee waiver, do I still pay state surcharges?

Policy owner: ETS + state Sometimes yes. ETS explicitly notes that Nevada state surcharges still apply and are not waived.

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41) What budget categories should I plan for beyond the test fee?

Policy owner: practical + ETS Plan for:

• reschedules ($40),
• additional score reports (if needed),
• travel/parking (test center),
• reliable tech/internet (at home),
• prep materials (ETS + third-party).

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D) ID rules, name matching, admission risk (11 FAQs)

42) What ID do I need on test day?

Policy owner: ETS ETS requires acceptable ID meeting strict criteria: original (not photocopy/digital), government-issued, valid/not expired, exact name match as registered (including accents), photo, and signature.

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43) Do expired driver’s licenses work?

Policy owner: ETS No. ETS states that as of January 1, 2023, expired driver’s licenses are no longer accepted.

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44) What are common acceptable primary IDs?

Policy owner: ETS ETS lists examples: passport, driver’s license (including provisional under renewal rules), state/province ID card, national ID, military ID, Mexican voter ID (context-dependent).

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45) When do I need a supplemental ID?

Policy owner: ETS If the administrator questions the primary ID or if it lacks full name/photo/signature, you may need supplemental ID. ETS warns that if you can’t present two acceptable IDs in the same name as registration, you won’t be permitted to test.

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46) Can supplemental ID fix a last-name mismatch?

Policy owner: ETS No—ETS states supplemental ID cannot resolve last name discrepancies; the last name on primary ID must match registration.

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47) What if my name has accents or multiple parts (e.g., two surnames)?

Policy owner: ETS ETS requires exact match “including accents” and gives special-case guidance (e.g., multiple-part last name rules) in the Bulletin’s ID exceptions section.

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48) Can I show a picture of my ID on my phone?

Policy owner: ETS No. ETS says IDs must be original documents; electronic presentation is not accepted (with limited country-specific exceptions like certain digital IDs in Korea).

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49) What documents are never acceptable as ID?

Policy owner: ETS ETS lists many unacceptable docs: photocopies/expired IDs, international driver’s license, credit/debit cards, Social Security card, birth certificate, employee ID, most temporary IDs (with specific exceptions), and more.

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50) What if I’m a refugee/asylee or can’t meet ID requirements?

Policy owner: ETS You must contact the ETS Office of Testing Integrity (OTI) at least seven days before registering, and get approval before you may register. ETS provides OTI contact details.

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51) If the test center lets me in, does that guarantee my scores won’t be canceled for ID issues later?

Policy owner: ETS No. ETS states admission does not assure the ID is valid or that scores will be reported; questionable ID can be reviewed during or after and scores can be withheld/canceled.

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52) If I get denied at the door for ID, do I get my money back?

Policy owner: ETS Typically no. ETS states fees will not be refunded if you’re not permitted to test or scores are withheld/canceled because of invalid/unacceptable ID.

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E) Accommodations + PLNE (11 FAQs)

53) What accommodations exist for disabilities/health-related needs?

Policy owner: ETS ETS provides accommodations for eligible test takers under ADAAA standards and lists available accommodations on its official Praxis accommodations page. (Exact accommodations vary by need; verify on ETS and submit documentation as required.)

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54) How long does ETS take to review disability accommodation requests?

Policy owner: ETS ETS states documentation review takes approximately 4–6 weeks once your request and complete paperwork are received. Practical best practice: plan 6+ weeks before your desired test date.

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55) Can I schedule my test before accommodations are approved?

Policy owner: ETS Usually you need approval before scheduling under accommodations terms (ETS process issues a voucher/approval step depending on the request path). Follow ETS’s accommodations request instructions carefully.

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56) What documentation does ETS require?

Policy owner: ETS ETS has centralized documentation guidance and criteria by disability category, and also notes cases where documentation may not be needed (e.g., COE or previously approved accommodations).

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57) How do I submit an accommodations request (actual steps)?

Policy owner: ETS ETS outlines a step-by-step process: download forms (registration + Bulletin Supplement request form), complete documents, scan/convert, and email to the ETS address used for accommodations requests.

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58) What’s the biggest risk that causes accommodations delays or denial?

Policy owner: ETS Incomplete or mismatched documentation (e.g., missing required forms, unclear linkage between diagnosis and requested accommodation, or insufficient evaluator credentials). ETS explicitly warns requests may be delayed if further verification is needed.

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59) What is PLNE, and what does it provide?

Policy owner: ETS PLNE = “Primary Language Not English.” ETS states Praxis tests are given only in English, and eligible PLNE test takers may receive 50% additional testing time.

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60) Is PLNE available for language tests?

Policy owner: ETS No. ETS states PLNE accommodations are not offered for language tests.

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61) How do I apply for PLNE the first time?

Policy owner: ETS You must submit the required PLNE request documentation described in the Bulletin (including eligibility and certification documentation forms). ETS provides official PLNE forms.

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62) If I already had PLNE approved once, do I need to redo everything?

Policy owner: ETS ETS allows using previously approved PLNE accommodations for subsequent Praxis tests (excluding language tests) and says to allow about three weeks for processing; you must email ETS with required information and get approval before you register.

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63) Should I pursue accommodations if I’m “borderline” or unsure?

Policy owner: you (strategy) + ETS (eligibility rules) Pursue accommodations when:

• You have a documented disability/health need that affects timed testing, and
• The accommodation would materially change performance (e.g., extended time, separate room, assistive tech). But only pursue if you can provide ETS-required documentation and can tolerate the timeline (4–6+ weeks).

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F) At-home testing (ProctorU) rules, tech, and failure points (9 FAQs)

64) What are the biggest “at-home” rules that end tests or cancel scores?

Policy owner: ETS + remote proctor policy High-risk violations include:

• Missing the check-in window (fee not refunded).
• Accessing a phone or prohibited device at any time, including breaks (can cancel scores).
• Leaving camera view or suspicious movements (can invalidate test).

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65) What materials am I allowed at home (scratch work, phone, etc.)?

Policy owner: ETS + remote proctor policy ETS says bring only required materials; note-taking must be erasable in view of the proctor (e.g., whiteboard or plastic transparency sheet), and you may need a cellphone or hand-held mirror specifically for check-in. Everything else is prohibited.

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66) How early should I start at-home check-in, and what happens if I’m late?

Policy owner: ETS ETS recommends launching 15 minutes early, notes check-in takes about 20 minutes, and says you have up to 12 minutes after the scheduled time to begin check-in—after that your test is canceled and the fee is not refunded.

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67) Is my session recorded at home?

Policy owner: ETS Yes. ETS states the entire at-home session will be recorded and monitored by a human proctor, and your photo will be taken.

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68) What tech requirements are most likely to break an at-home session?

Policy owner: ETS + remote proctor policy Common dealbreakers include:

• Unsupported OS (ETS lists minimum OS baselines for at-home).
• Bandwidth conflicts (streaming devices, other internet-heavy activity).
• Failure to run the final equipment check ahead of time.

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69) Can I use a headset or earplugs at home?

Policy owner: remote proctor policy ProctorU rules commonly prohibit headsets; always follow the current at-home rules shown during check-in and ETS at-home guidance. (Verify on your confirmation email links and proctor instructions.)

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70) Can I wear a face mask at home?

Policy owner: ETS ETS states face masks may not be worn during check-in or any part of the at-home testing session.

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71) What happens if my internet drops or I get a technical failure mid-test at home?

Policy owner: ETS + remote proctor policy You may be able to reconnect, but outcomes vary by severity and timing. ETS indicates you can submit a formal complaint for test day issues; ETS also describes that missed tests may allow re-registration within 3 business days (does not count as a retake) depending on circumstances.

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72) Can I take breaks at home?

Policy owner: ETS + test-specific rules It depends on the test and delivery rules. ETS warns that some tests have strict break rules at home (example: certain Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology tests: no breaks permitted at home; leaving the room can invalidate the test). Always verify break rules in the Bulletin and any test-specific instructions.

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G) Test-center day rules and security (6 FAQs)

73) How early should I arrive at a test center?

Policy owner: ETS ETS says report at least 30 minutes before your appointment; arriving after your scheduled time can mean you’re not permitted to test and you forfeit fees.

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74) Are phones and watches allowed in the test room?

Policy owner: ETS No. ETS states devices are prohibited and accessing a phone/device (even checking time) can result in dismissal and score cancellation; watches are not allowed in the test room.

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75) Can I access my belongings during breaks at a test center?

Policy owner: ETS ETS says you cannot access personal items during the test administration except food, beverages, and medication, which may be accessed during a break.

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76) Can I leave the building during breaks?

Policy owner: ETS No. ETS says you must remain inside the test center building; leaving without permission can lead to dismissal and score cancellation.

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77) What clothing/jewelry rules surprise people at test centers?

Policy owner: ETS ETS notes:

• Test-related info on clothing/ID/body is prohibited.
• Jewelry is prohibited except wedding/engagement rings.
• Items like hair accessories, outerwear may be inspected; you may be asked to empty pockets, raise pant legs, etc.

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78) Are metal detectors or inspections normal?

Policy owner: ETS Yes. ETS states test centers may use electronic detection scanning devices and visual inspections; refusal may result in dismissal and forfeiture of fees.

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H) Scoring, score reporting, and sending scores (10 FAQs)

79) When will I get my official score?

Policy owner: ETS ETS posts official scores in your Praxis account on the score reporting date; it varies by test and delivery mode. ETS notes Praxis reports scores on Tuesdays and Fridays (holiday shifts apply), and provides a score reporting calendar tool.

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80) What are unofficial scores, and why might I not see one?

Policy owner: ETS For selected-response-only tests, ETS often shows an unofficial score at the end. If it doesn’t, ETS says further analysis is required and it does not imply a problem or delay in official reporting.

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81) Can the test center print or email my unofficial score?

Policy owner: ETS ETS states test centers cannot provide printed or emailed copies of unofficial scores.

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82) What does “scaled score” mean, and do states use different passing scores?

Policy owner: ETS (scoring mechanics) + state (passing standard) ETS reports scores on the scale used for that test; states then set “qualifying”/passing scores. ETS explicitly states passing scores vary by state/agency and are not set by ETS.

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83) How do I find my state’s passing score (the only reliable way)?

Policy owner: ETS tool + state confirmation Use ETS Passing Score Requirements (select state/agency + test). Then confirm on your state licensure site if your pathway has exceptions.

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84) How many free score recipients do I get?

Policy owner: ETS ETS indicates scores are sent to the institutions/agencies you selected during registration, up to four choices at no extra cost.

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85) Are scores ever sent automatically to the state?

Policy owner: ETS + state Yes in some cases. ETS notes “automatic score reporting states” where scores are sent automatically if you tested there (and you may need to add the state if you tested elsewhere). Because lists can change, verify in the current Bulletin and your account.

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86) If I’m applying in my home state but I tested in another state, what’s the risk?

Policy owner: ETS + state Risk: your state might not receive your score unless you explicitly add it as a score recipient. ETS warns that if you’re not testing in your resident state but want your state to receive the report, you must add it.

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87) How long are Praxis scores kept / valid?

Policy owner: ETS + state ETS commonly reports score history in your account and notes reporting conventions across a multi-year window (ETS references 10-year reporting in the Bulletin context). Exact “validity” for licensure depends on the state (some accept older scores; some don’t). Use ETS + state rules.

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88) Can I send extra score reports later?

Policy owner: ETS Yes—ETS provides additional score reporting services (fees apply) and explains how to request older score reports (including special handling for some pre-2017 scores).

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I) Retakes, cancellations, complaints, score review, special programs (10 FAQs)

89) What is the Praxis retake waiting period?

Policy owner: ETS ETS requires you to wait at least 28 days before retaking the same test. ETS applies this to test titles, including subtests. Violations can result in score cancellation and no refund.

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90) If I missed my test (didn’t test at all), do I still have to wait 28 days?

Policy owner: ETS Not necessarily. ETS says if you didn’t take the scheduled test, you may re-register and pay for a new appointment within 3 business days of the original test date—and it does not count as a retake, so the 28-day rule doesn’t apply.

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91) Can I cancel my scores at the end of the test?

Policy owner: ETS Sometimes. ETS says some tests allow you to cancel before viewing unofficial scores; if you cancel, you can’t view them, they cannot be reinstated, and you don’t get a refund. For certain multi-section tests, canceling cancels all sections.

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92) If I already clicked “Report Scores,” can I change my mind?

Policy owner: ETS No. ETS states once you report and view unofficial scores, scores cannot be canceled.

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93) What if test conditions were bad (noise, malfunction, etc.)—how do I file a complaint correctly?

Policy owner: ETS ETS says:

• You may cancel scores and request a retest if conditions prevented satisfactory performance.
• Retests cannot be offered if you selected “Report Scores” and viewed unofficial scores.
• Complaints must be received in writing within 7 business days after the administration.

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94) What is “Score Review,” who should use it, and what does it cost?

Policy owner: ETS ETS offers Score Review for constructed-response components (not selected-response-only tests). The Bulletin notes it’s not available for selected-response tests (electronically scored) and not available for the American Sign Language test due to its scoring rigor. Fee shown as $65 in the Bulletin context. Use it only when you have a strong reason (e.g., near-cut score and you believe a scoring anomaly occurred).

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95) Can ETS cancel my scores even after they’re reported?

Policy owner: ETS Yes. ETS reserves the right to cancel scores for testing irregularities, ID discrepancies, misconduct, or invalid scores, and may notify score recipients if a reported score is canceled.

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96) If ETS questions my score validity, can I appeal?

Policy owner: ETS ETS states score cancellation decisions based on substantial evidence of invalidity are not subject to appeal to ETS. For U.S. test takers, ETS describes a notice-and-response process and may offer options like voluntary cancellation, future test voucher, or arbitration (arbitration only for those who tested in the U.S.).

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97) What is “Free After 3,” and how do I qualify?

Policy owner: ETS ETS’s Free After 3 program can provide free retakes after three attempts on the same test, if:

• first attempt is on/after Oct 1, 2025
• you have three or more registrations for the same title
• you reported scores for each
• you’re within five years of your third score report date ETS also explains notification timing, voucher steps, and exclusions (e.g., Praxis Bridge products excluded).

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98) What is Praxis Bridge, and when is it smarter than retaking?

Policy owner: ETS + state (acceptance) Praxis Bridge is an ETS option (where accepted) that can allow meeting requirements through a combination of test scores + approved coursework, depending on state policy. ETS notes Bridge exists and that Bridge products are excluded from Free After 3 eligibility (you must choose if eligible for both). Use Bridge when:

• Your state accepts it, and
• You’re close to passing and have qualifying coursework, and
• Retaking would cost more time/money than documenting coursework.

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